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Medicine, Experimental

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Note: This is the 2019鈥2020 eCalendar. Update the year in your browser's URL bar for the most recent version of this page, or .

Medicine, Experimental

Location

Location

  • Division of Experimental Medicine
  • Department of Medicine
  • 1001 Decarie Boulevard
  • Montreal QC H4A 3J1
  • Canada
  • Telephone: 514-934-1934, ext. 34699 or 34700
  • Email: experimental.medicine [at] mcgill.ca
  • Website: www.mcgill.ca/expmed

About Experimental Medicine

About Experimental Medicine

Experimental Medicine is a Division of the Department of Medicine charged with the task of providing graduate education in the Department, and enabling professors located in the research institutes of the 海外直播b站 teaching hospitals and other centres to supervise graduate students. The Division offers various programs, each of which has different training objectives (see below). The internationally-recognized high-quality training our graduates receive is in essence what distinguishes graduates of our programs from the graduates of comparable programs in peer institutions.

Master of Science (M.Sc.) Experimental Medicine (Thesis) (45 credits)

Applicants for the M.Sc. in Experimental Medicine must hold either an M.D. degree, a B.Sc. degree, or the equivalent. The graduate training offered is wide-ranging and addresses experimental aspects of medicine in such diverse areas as:

  • endocrinology;
  • hematology;
  • cardiology;
  • oncology;
  • gastroenterology;
  • genetics;
  • infectious diseases.

This thesis program may lead to careers in industry, or serve as a stepping stone to further graduate studies.

Master of Science (M.Sc.) Experimental Medicine (Thesis): Bioethics (45 credits)

Applicants for the M.Sc. Bioethics Option program must hold an M.D.; a Nursing degree; a Physical and Occupational Therapy degree; and/or any other professional health training degree. Students who do not fit these criteria may be considered for admission on an individual basis. The objectives of this research-stream program are to allow students to conduct innovative research in relation to a bioethical issue pertinent to health care, and to acquire a working knowledge of bioethical issues from the current viewpoint of other relevant disciplines such as law, philosophy, and religious studies.

The curriculum is composed of required courses (6 credits) offered in the Biomedical Ethics Unit, Bioethics courses (6-credit minimum) offered by the base faculty or department, and any graduate course required or accepted by a base faculty for the granting of a master鈥檚 degree, for a total of 21 credits. A minimum of 45 credits is required including the thesis. The research culminates in the preparation of a thesis.

Master of Science (M.Sc.) Experimental Medicine (Thesis): Environment (45 credits)

Applicants for the M.Sc. Environment Option must meet the requirements for the M.Sc. in Experimental Medicine as well as those set out by the 海外直播b站 School of Environment (MSE) for their graduate option. Acceptance into the option will be based on a student's academic experience and performance; availability of an MSE-accredited supervisor or co-supervisor; the proposed research; and plans for funding as articulated by the supervisor(s). The Environment Option is aimed at students who wish to use interdisciplinary approaches in their graduate research on environmental issues, and who wish to benefit from interactions that will occur as they are brought into contact with students from a wide range of disciplines through structured courses, formal seminars, and informal discussions and networking. The graduate option in Environment provides students with an appreciation for the role of science in informed decision-making in the environmental sector, and its influence on political, socio-economic, and ethical judgments.

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Experimental Medicine

Applicants for the Ph.D. in Experimental Medicine must normally hold an M.Sc. degree. The one exception is the possibility of direct entry offered to candidates having demonstrated academic excellence, i.e., a CGPA of 3.5 or more out of a possible 4.0 throughout their undergraduate studies. The training is in the conduct of research in a wide range of medical specialties. The method of instruction consists of a combination of in-class and practical training, as well as exposure to international conferences and guest seminars. Success is ultimately determined by the preparation and defence of a thesis. This program may lead to research careers in industry, government, or academia.

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Experimental Medicine: Environment

Applicants to the Ph.D. Environment Option must meet the same qualifications as those for the M.Sc. Environment Option, the only difference being that they must hold an M.Sc. rather than simply a B.Sc. For further details, please see the section above regarding the M.Sc. Environment Option.

Graduate Certificate (Gr. Cert.) Regenerative Medicine (15 credits)

The Graduate Certificate in Regenerative Medicine focuses on the biology of stem cells, their uses in diagnostic and therapeutic applications, the practicalities of generating them, and using and modifying them for clinical translation. Students explore of the combination of stem cell-based model systems for drug discovery and disease modelling as well as the ethical implications of their use.

Graduate Diploma (Gr. Dip.) Clinical Research (30 credits)

The objectives of this program are to give students exposure to both theoretical and practical issues relevant to the conception and conduct of a clinical research study, as well as allowing them to put these principles in practice by participating in an ongoing clinical trial. The core element of the diploma is the Practicum in Clinical Research. It is an active 鈥渃lerkship鈥 or 鈥渋ntern/resident-type鈥 participation in an ongoing clinical trial and/or research program. Six 1-credit workshops will be provided by experts in the academic, industrial, and government sectors, and cover wide-ranging issues pertinent to the conduct of clinical research. The training provided qualifies students to manage and design clinical research studies in both academic and industrial settings.

Programs, Courses and University Regulations—2019-2020 (last updated Aug. 13, 2019) (disclaimer)

Medicine, Experimental Admission Requirements and Application Procedures

Medicine, Experimental Admission Requirements and Application Procedures

Admission Requirements

Admission Requirements

M.Sc. or Ph.D. in Experimental Medicine

Candidates who hold only an undergraduate degree in the medical and allied sciences (B.Sc. degree or an M.D. degree), must apply to the M.Sc. program, unless they have an undergraduate CGPA of 3.5 or more out of a possible 4.0, in which case they may apply for direct entry into the Ph.D. if they so desire. Candidates who already hold an M.Sc. apply directly to the Ph.D. program.

Admission is based on an evaluation by the Admissions Committee, which looks for evidence of high academic achievement, and on acceptance by a research director. All students must be financially supported either by their supervisor or through studentships or fellowships.

In addition to the documentation currently required by Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, a letter from the candidate's research director outlining the M.Sc. or Ph.D. project is necessary.

M.Sc. (Bioethics Option)

Admission to the master's program in Bioethics, from the base discipline of Medicine, is limited to students having degrees in Medicine, Nursing, or Physical and Occupational Therapy, as well as any other professional health training degree. Students who do not fit these criteria may be considered for admission on an individual basis.

For requirements, application deadlines, and further information regarding this program, please refer to the Bioethics entry or visit the Biomedical Ethics Unit website.

M.Sc. (Environment Option)

Although the requirements and application deadlines remain the same as the M.Sc., applicants wishing to apply to the Master's program (Environment Option) must submit additional documents that constitute their application to BOTH the Division of Experimental Medicine and the 海外直播b站 School of Environment. Further information can be found on the School of Environment website.

Students in the M.Sc. in Experimental Medicine may choose to transfer to the Environment Option; interested students should refer to the departmental website or contact the Student Affairs Office.

Graduate Diploma in Clinical Research

The Diploma program is open to health care and research professionals, medical residents, pharmacists, nurses, and those with an undergraduate degree in the medical and allied sciences.

Application Procedures

Application Procedures

海外直播b站鈥檚 online application form for graduate program candidates is available at www.mcgill.ca/gradapplicants/apply.

See University Regulations & Resources > Graduate > Graduate Admissions and Application Procedures > Application Procedures for detailed application procedures. Further information is also available on the Experimental Medicine website.

Additional Requirements

Additional Requirements

The items and clarifications below are additional requirements set by this department:

M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Experimental Medicine
  • Personal Statement
  • Curriculum Vitae
  • Acceptance by a research director (Confirmation of Supervision form duly completed)
  • Letter from the candidate's research director outlining the M.Sc. or Ph.D. project
  • Additional documents (in the cases of the M.Sc. (Bioethics Option) and the M.Sc. (Environment Option))

Application Dates and Deadlines

Application Dates and Deadlines

Application opening dates are set by Enrolment Services in consultation with Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies (GPS), while application deadlines are set by the Division of Experimental Medicine and may be revised at any time. Applicants must verify all deadlines and documentation requirements well in advance on the appropriate 海外直播b站 departmental website; please consult the list at www.mcgill.ca/gps/contact/graduate-program.

All Programs (except Bioethics Option)
Application Opening Dates Application Deadlines
All Applicants Non-Canadian citizens (incl. Special, Visiting & Exchange) Canadian citizens/Perm. residents of Canada (incl. Special, Visiting & Exchange) Current 海外直播b站 Students (any citizenship)
Fall Term: Sept. 15 April 15 June 15 June 15
Winter Term: Feb. 15 Sept. 1 Nov. 1 Nov. 1
Summer Term: N/A N/A N/A N/A
M.Sc. (Bioethics Option)
Application Opening Dates Application Deadlines
All Applicants Non-Canadian citizens (incl. Special, Visiting & Exchange) Canadian citizens/Perm. residents of Canada (incl. Special, Visiting & Exchange) Current 海外直播b站 Students (any citizenship)
Fall Term: Sept. 15 April 15 April 15 April 15
Winter Term: N/A N/A N/A N/A
Summer Term: N/A N/A N/A N/A
Programs, Courses and University Regulations—2019-2020 (last updated Aug. 20, 2019) (disclaimer)

Medicine, Experimental Faculty

Medicine, Experimental Faculty

Chair, Department of Medicine
J. Martin
Director, Division of Experimental Medicine
A.-M. Lauzon
Associate Director, Division of Experimental Medicine
E. Fixman
Professors
M. Alaoui-Jamali; D.V.M.(Rabat, Morocco), Ph.D.(Paris V)
S. Ali; B.Sc.(C'dia), Ph.D.(McG.)
C. Autexier; B.Sc.(C'dia), Ph.D.(McG.)
A. Bateman; B.Sc., Ph.D.(Lond.)
G. Batist; B.Sc.(Col.), M.D.,C.M.(McG.), F.R.C.P.(C)
O. Beauchet; B.Sc.(Sainte-Etienne), M.Sc.(Claude Bernard), Ph.D.(Jean Monnet)
M. Behr; B.Sc.(Tor.), M.D.(Qu.), M.Sc.(McG.)
H. Bennett; B.A.(York, UK), Ph.D.(Brunel)
V. Blank; B.Sc., M.Sc.(Konstanz), Ph.D.(Inst. Pasteur)
J. Bourbeau; M.D.(Laval), M.Sc.(McG.), F.R.C.P.(C)
A. Cybulsky; M.D.(Tor.), F.R.C.P.(C)
G. Di Battista; B.Sc.(C'dia), M.Sc., Ph.D.(Montr.)
A. Fuks; B.Sc., M.D.,C.M.(McG.)
A. Gatignol; M.Sc., Ph.D.(Paul Sabatier)
J. Genest Jr.; M.D.,C.M.(McG.), F.R.C.P.(C)
V. Giguere; B.Sc., Ph.D.(Laval)
M. Goldberg; B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.(McG.)
D. Goltzman; B.Sc., M.D.,C.M.(McG.), F.R.C.P.(C)
S.A. Grover; B.A.(Roch.), M.D.,C.M.(McG.), M.P.A.(Harv.), F.R.C.P.(C)
L.J. Hoffer; B.Sc., M.D.,C.M.(McG.), Ph.D.(MIT)
S. Hussain; M.D.(Baghdad), Ph.D.(McG.)
A.C. Karaplis; B.Sc., M.D., Ph.D.(McG.)
R. Kremer; M.D., Ph.D.(Paris VI)
A.-M. Lauzon; B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.(McG.)
C. Liang; B.Sc., Ph.D.(Nankai)
J.-J. Lebrun; B.Sc., M.Sc.(Rennes), Ph.D.(Paris V)
M.S. Ludwig; M.D.(Manit.), F.R.C.P.(C)
S. Magder; M.D.(Tor.), F.R.C.P.(C)
D. Malo; D.V.M., M.Sc.(Montr.), Ph.D.(McG.)
A. J. Marelli; B.Sc.(McG.), M.D.(Montr.)
J. Martin; B.Sc., M.B., B.Ch., M.D.(Cork), F.R.C.P.(C)
W.H. Miller; A.B.(Princ.), Ph.D.(Rock.), M.D.(Cornell)
A. Mouland; B.A., B.Sc., Ph.D.(McG.)
W.J. Muller; B.Sc., Ph.D.(McG.)
A. Nepveu; B.Sc., M.Sc.(Montr.), Ph.D.(Sher.)
T. Nilsson; B.Sc., Ph.D.(Uppsala)
M. Olivier; B.Sc., M.Sc.(Montr.), Ph.D.(McG.)
L. Panasci; B.Sc., M.D.(G鈥檛own)
K. Pantopoulos; B.Sc., Ph.D.(Aristotelian, Greece)
M. Park; B.Sc., Ph.D.(Glas.)
B.J. Petrof; M.D.(Laval)
L. Pilote; M.D.,C.M.(McG.), M.Sc.(Harv.), Ph.D.(Calif.)
M.N. Pollak; M.D.,C.M.(McG.), F.R.C.P.(C)
P. Ponka; M.D., Ph.D.(Charles Univ., Prague)
B. Posner; M.D.(Manit.), F.R.C.P.(C)
W.S. Powell; B.A.(Sask.), Ph.D.(Dal.)
S. Rabbani; M.B.B.S.(King Edward Med. Coll., Lahore)
D. Radzioch; M.Sc., Ph.D.(Jagiellonian, Cracow)
S. Richard; B.Sc., Ph.D.(McG.)
J.-P. Routy; B.Sc., M.D., Ph.D.(Aix-Marseille)
D. Sasseville; M.D.(Laval), F.R.C.P.(C)
E. Schiffrin; M.D.(Buenos Aires), Ph.D.(McG.)
E. Schurr; Diplom., Ph.D.(Al. Ludwigs U., Freiburg)
A. Schwertani; D.V.M.(Baghdad), M.D., Ph.D.(Lond.)
D. Sheppard; M.D.(Tor.), F.R.C.P.(C)
A.D. Sniderman; M.D.(Tor.)
M.M. Stevenson; B.A.(Hood), M.Sc., Ph.D.(Catholic U. of Amer.)
T. Takano; M.D., Ph.D.(Tokyo)
M. Trifiro; B.Sc., M.D.,C.M.(McG.)
C. Tsoukas; B.Sc.(McG.), M.Sc.(Hawaii), M.D.(Athens), F.R.C.P.(C)
B.J. Ward; M.D.,C.M.(McG.), M.Sc.(Oxf.), F.R.C.P.(C)
J. White; B.Sc., M.Sc.(Car.), Ph.D.(Harv.)
S. Wing; B.Sc., M.Sc.(McG.)
X.-J. Yang; B.Sc.(Zhejiang), Ph.D.(Shanghai)
Associate Professors
C. Baglole; B.Sc., M.Sc.(PEI), Ph.D.(Calg.)
D. Baran; M.D.,C.M.(McG.), F.R.C.P.(C)
N. Bernard; B.Sc.(McG.), Ph.D.(Duke)
M. Blostein; M.D.,C.M.(McG.)
P. Brassard; B.Sc., M.D.(Montr.), M.Sc.(McG.), F.R.C.P.(C)
L. Chalifour; B.Sc., Ph.D.(Manit.), M.A.(Harv.)
I. Colmegna; M.Sc.(El Salvador)
D. Cournoyer; M.D.(Sher.), F.R.C.P.(C)
K. Dasgupta; B.Sc.(PEI), M.D.,C.M., M.Sc.(McG.)
S. Daskalopoulou; M.D.(Athens)
M. Divangahi; B.Sc.(McM.), Ph.D.(McG.)
J.C. Engert; B.A.(Colby), Ph.D.(Boston)
V. Essebag; M.D.,C.M., M.Sc., Ph.D.(McG.), F.R.C.P.(C)
E. Fixman; B.Sc.(Col.), Ph.D.(Johns Hop.)
N.S. Giannetti; M.D.,C.M.(McG.)
B. Gilfix; B.Sc.(Manit.), Ph.D.(W. Ont.), M.D.,C.M.(McG.), F.R.C.P.(C)
S.B. Gottfried; M.D.(Penn.)
L. Haglund;
T. Jagoe; B.A., M.D.(Camb.), Ph.D.(Newcastle, UK), F.R.C.P.(C)
B. Jean-Claude; B.Sc., M.Sc.(Moncton), Ph.D.(McG.)
N. Johnson; B.Sc.(C'dia), M.D.(Ott.), Ph.D.(Br. Col.), F.R.C.P.(C)
M. Kokoeva; B.Sc.(Lomonosov Moscow), Ph.D.(Acad. of Sci., Moscow)
A. Kristof; B.Sc., M.D.,C.M.(McG.), F.R.C.P.(C)
P. Laneuville; B.Sc.(McM.), M.D.(Ott.), F.R.C.P.(C)
S. Laporte; B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.(Sher.)
L. Larose; B.Sc., Ph.D.(Montr.)
S. Lehoux; B.Sc.(Bishop's), Ph.D.(Sher.)
S. Lemay; M.D.(Montr.), F.R.C.P.(C)
R. Lin; B.Sc., B.Sc.(Xiamen), M.Sc.(Peking Union), Ph.D.(C'dia)
M. Lipman; M.D.,C.M.(McG.), F.R.C.P.(C)
J.-L. Liu; B.Sc., M.Sc.(Beijing), Ph.D.(McG.)
J.A. Morais; M.D.(Montr.), F.R.C.P.(C)
S. Morin; B.Sc., M.D.(Laval), M.Sc.(McG.)
M. Murshed; M.Sc.(Brussels), Ph.D.(Cologne)
M. Ndao; B.Sc., D.V.M.(Senegal), M.Sc., Ph.D.(Belgium)
D. Nguyen; M.D.,C.M.(McG.), F.R.C.P.(C)
A.C. Peterson; B.Sc.(Vic., BC), Ph.D.(Br. Col.)
S. Qureshi; B.Sc., M.D.(Alta.), F.R.C.P.(C)
E. Rahme; B.Sc.(Lebanese), Ph.D.(Penn. St.), M.Sc., Ph.D.(McG.)
J. Rauch; B.Sc., Ph.D.(McG.)
C. Rocheleau; B.A.(Assum. Coll.), Ph.D.(Mass.)
S. Rousseau; B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.(Laval)
M. Saleh; B.Sc., M.Sc.(Beirut), Ph.D.(McG.)
G. Sebastiani; M.D.(Padova)
C. Seguin; B.Sc.(McG.), M.D.(Montr.), F.R.C.P.(C)
P. Siegel; B.Sc., Ph.D.(McM.)
R. Sladek; B.Sc., M.D.(Tor.), F.R.C.P.(C)
G. Thanassoulis; B.Sc., M.Sc.(McG.), M.D.(Tor.), F.R.C.P.(C)
E. Torban; B.Sc.(Moscow St. Inst. of Food Ind.), M.Sc.(Moscow Inst. of Genetics of Microorganisms), Ph.D.(McG.)
B. Turcotte; B.Sc., Ph.D.(Laval)
D.C. Vinh; B.Sc., M.D.,C.M.(McG.), F.R.C.P.(C)
Assistant Professors
J. Afilalo; M.D.,C.M., M.Sc.(McG.), F.R.C.P.(C)
H. Al-Jallad; Ph.D.(McG.)
R. Aloyz; B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D.(Buenos Aires)
I. Azuelos; M.D.,C.M., M.Sc.(McG.)
A. Baass; B.Sc.(McG.), M.D., M.Sc.(Montr.), F.R.C.P.(C)
S. Bailey; B.Sc.(McM.), Ph.D.(McG.)
C. Costiniuk; B.A.(Western), B.Sc.(Nfld.), M.D.(McM.), M.Sc.(Ott.)
L. Garcia; M.Sc.(UNINA), Ph.D.(Camb.)
M. Kaminska; B.Sc., M.Sc., M.D.,C.M.(McG.), F.R.C.P.(C)
T.C. Lee; B.Sc., M.D.(Tor.), M.Sc.(Harv.)
I. Litvinov; B.Sc., B.A.(Kent'y), Ph.D.(Johns Hop.), M.D.,C.M.(McG.)
E.G. McDonald; B.Sc.(C'dia), M.D.,C.M., M.Sc.(McG.)
B. McDonald Smith; B.Sc., M.D.,C.M.(McG.), F.R.C.P.(C)
F. Mercier; M.D.,C.M.(McG.)
G. Merle; Ph.D.(Montp.)
L. Nguyen; M.D., M.Sc.(McG.)
M. Paliouras; B.Sc.(Tor.), M.Sc.(Flor.), Ph.D.(McG.)
S. Pamidi; B.Sc.(McG.), M.D.(Tor.), M.Sc.(McG.)
D. Rosenzweig; B.Sc.,(FAU), Ph.D.,(Miami)
R. Sapir-Pichhadze; B.Sc., M.D.(Hebrew), M.Sc., Ph.D.(Tor.)
M. Sebag; B.Sc., Ph.D.(McG.), M.D.(Tor.), F.R.C.P.(C)
J. Spicer; M.D., Ph.D.(McG.)
L. N. Veilleux; B.Sc, M.Sc., Ph.D.(Montr.)
Associate Members, 海外直播b站
B. Abdulkarim, H. Abenhaim, M. Basik, M. Ben-Shoshan, M. Bouchard, P. Brodt, K. Brown, S. Chevalier, H. Clarke, T. Coderre, S. del Rincon, L. Diatchenko, T. Duchaine, D. Dufort, C. Ells, K. Eppert, M. Fabian, L. Ferri, C. Goodyer, P. Goodyer, W. Gotlieb, I. Gupta, A. Haidar, M. Hunt, N. Jabado, A. Jahani-Asl, D. Juncker, M. Kaartinen, A. Khoutorsky, J. Kimmelman, A. Koromilas, D. Labb茅, L. Lands, J. Lapointe, B.W.Y. Lo, C. Loiselle, C. Mandato, K. Mann, M. O. Martel, P. Martineau, B. Mazer, L. McCaffrey, C. McCusker, T. Muanza, M. Nagano, C. O'Flaherty, A. Orthwein, A. Pause, A. Philip, C. Piccirillo, C. Polychronakos, S. Prakash, D.F. Quail, R. Rajan, J. Rak, G. Rouleau, A. Ryan, G. Sant'Anna, R. Slim, J. Spicer, I. Topisirovic, M. Tremblay, J. Ursini-Siegel, T. Vuong, M. Witcher, J.-H. Wu, S. Wurzba, N. Ybarra, M. Zappitelli, G. Zogopoulos
Adjunct Professors
J. Archambault, M. Cayouette, F. Charron, E. Cohen, C.F. Deschepper, J.M. Di Noia, J. Drouin, J. Estall, M. Ferron, N. Francis, H. Gu, Q.A. Hamid, D. Hipfner, P. Jolicoeur, A. Kania, M. Kmita, E. Lecuyer, T. Moroy, M. Oeffinger, R. Rabasa-Lhoret, E. Racine, F. Robert, N. Seidah, W.-K. Suh, H. Takahashi, M. Trudel, W.Y. Tsang, J. Vacher, A. Veillette, C. Wu, J. Zwaagstra
Programs, Courses and University Regulations—2019-2020 (last updated Aug. 13, 2019) (disclaimer)

Master of Science (M.Sc.) Experimental Medicine (Thesis) (45 credits)

The overall objective of this program is to train students in the in-depth analysis of fundamental, translational and/or clinical research. ...

For more information, see Master of Science (M.Sc.) Experimental Medicine (Thesis) (45 credits).

Master of Science (M.Sc.) Experimental Medicine (Thesis): Bioethics (45 credits)

Master of Science (M.Sc.) Experimental Medicine (Thesis): Environment (45 credits)

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Experimental Medicine

The overall objective of this program is to train students in the in-depth analysis of fundamental, translational and/or clinical research. Students perform studies at diverse levels, from molecular, cellular, and tissue to whole animal, human, and population in order to elucidate mechanisms behind human diseases, leading to drug discovery. Students are trained to...

For more information, see Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Experimental Medicine.

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Experimental Medicine: Environment

Graduate Diploma (Gr. Dip.) Clinical Research (30 credits)

The objectives of this program are to give students exposure to both theoretical and practical issues relevant to the conception and conduct of a clinical research study, and to put these principles into practice by participating in an ongoing clinical trial. The training provided qualifies students to manage and design clinical research studies in both academic...

For more information, see Graduate Diploma (Gr. Dip.) Clinical Research (30 credits).

Faculty of Medicine—2019-2020 (last updated Aug. 13, 2019) (disclaimer)
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